Dog Breeds: Small companion dogs

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Dogs: Breed profiles and breed books
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Training, puppy and adult dog good manners
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General overview

The dogs we have put in this category may be small, but they have big personalities. They tend to be scaled down versions of bigger breeds, so retain many characteristics of that breed type, and it's difficult to generalise about their characters, except to say that they are all dog, and love being taken for walks by their companions. Small dogs do need particular care with their socialization. They need to learn how to get on with other dogs, large and small, but it's easier if they are socialized first with puppies of smaller breeds and well-behaved larger dogs, since large breed pups can be a little too rough and boisterous with them. Many small breed dogs are, however, very good with other dogs - Cavalier King Charles are good flirts, and rarely trigger aggression. Dachshunds and Yorkies tend to be fearless, able to put bigger breeds in their place if needed. These breeds also need some protection from small children, who may try to pick them up and carry them clumsily, and otherwise take liberties with them that they would not take with bigger dogs. Well-trained small dogs are usually very good companions for older children, however, because they can easily be walked by a child. They are also good companions for older people who may not have the mobility and muscle power they once had. Some small breeds, like dachshunds, can still demand a lot of skill in training, since a lot of willpower can be packed into a small body!

Good manners are best taught from puppyhood, because it's easier, but adult rescue dogs can still learn fast. The best time to teach good manners to a rescue dog is as soon as the dog arrives. That is when the dog is watching you to learn what the rules are. It's tempting to spoil the dog a bit, because you feel sorry for him or her. But it's kinder in the long run to let the dog know gently and firmly what you consider to be appropriate behaviour. Rescue centres usually have their own behaviourists and provide ongoing help for adopters. Gwen Bailey's 'The Rescue Dog' is also full of good advice.

The smaller breeds are much less likely to inflict life-threatening bites, or pull their handlers over than are bigger dogs, but this sometimes means that owners are a little lax about training. It's well worth taking small dogs to training classes. A well-trained small dog is a real treat to be with, but small dogs are often perceived as yappy, nippy and unstable. Much of the problem is that they tend to get less training than the bigger breeds, and are allowed to take more liberties when they are pups. Bite inhibition is important for all dogs. Small dogs may not worry their owners when they nip, but they can worry the postman, and small children. Yappy little dogs that rush up to people are much more at risk from being kicked than bigger dogs, and a kick can kill them, so training is very important for their own protection. Little dogs can also be yappier and nervier if they don't get enough exercise. Exercise helps all dogs to behave well, rather than rushing round the room making a lot of noise. You may not be mobile enough to take your dog out every day, or you may be too busy. However, one advantage of a small dog is that it's much easier to find someone to walk the dog for you. Small dogs can also be kept fit and happy by playing games like retrieve in your garden. You can train the dog so that he does all the running, and you just sit and throw the ball. Not all dogs are natural retrievers, but most can learn to play ball, especially if they are taught when they are young. Some small breeds, like King Charles Cavaliers, make excellent agility dogs, with the jumps lowered for them. These breeds are especially suited to active children who understand dogs enough to be gentle with them. You can find books on agility and advanced training, here.

Some small dogs can attach themselves firmly to one person in the household, and may be rude to other people. This is partly a training issue. It may also be that some men feel reluctant to take out small fluffy dogs, yet walks are very good for bonding, so the dogs tend to bond more with the women of the household. One solution is to give the fluffball a butch name like Fang, which is only used when dog and man are out on walks together, preferably without the lady owner. Once little Fang realises that boyfriend or husband is his only ally in the big wide world, he is more likely to see him as a friend in the home, and less likely to sit on his lady owner's lap and growl at her partner's approach.

Common health problems include knee trouble, and bad teeth. The dental problems common to small breeds probably arise because small companion dogs often spend a lot of time at home with doting owners, and are very good at begging for food. Whether or not you let your little dog beg is up to you, but...they are just as happy eating savoury foods as they are sweet food, and sugary foods will tend to rot their teeth! You can use very small pieces of kibble as training treats for some small dogs, though others, especially Yorkies, may need very special treats to interest them. You need to feed commercial treats sparingly, because they can be very fatty, and can sometimes upset small dogs' digestion. Always give tiny titbits so the dog doesn't get too fat, another common problem with small breeds as they age. Many of the breeds with short legs and relatively long backs are prone to back trouble, so are not suitable for households where small children could pick them up roughly and injure their backs.

Many breeds in this category are unfortunately described by the UK Kennel Club as 'toy breeds'. Hrumph. Dogs are not animated furry toys! You take on a real dog when you take on one of these breeds. Two breeds that you might expect to find here, Miniature Poodles and Schnauzers are with their larger cousins in 'Other Dogs'.

Click here for the breed you want:
Bichons, Cavalier King Charles, Chihauhauas, Dachshunds, Italian Greyhounds, Japanese Chins, Lhasa Apso, Maltese, Miniature Pinschers, Papillons, Pekinese, Pomeranians, Pugs, Shih Tzu, Tibetan Terriers, and Yorkshire Terriers

 

Breed Profiles

Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	This Is a Bichon Frise Brearley TFH Publications ISBN: 0876662475 Bichon Frise dogs are often recommended for first-time owners, and they are certainly very cute and friendly dogs, who want to say hello to everybody. They are little fluffballs, often mistaken for poodles, and they have some poodle in their ancestry. Their muzzles aren't as pointy as a poodles, and they tend to be livelier. They usually get on very well with children, though since they are small dogs, children need to remember to be kind and gentle with them. Other dogs seem to like Bichons, which is just as well, since Bichons like to go up to other dogs to greet them, and don't always hear their owners calling them back. Bichon Frises love walks, though they can be happy running round a garden, so long as they have human company. They do need regular grooming to avoid mats, though it's easier give them a short trim so that grooming is less necessary. Like poodles, they don't shed much, and are often recommended for people with allergies, though there is no guarantee that an allergic person will not be allergic to a Bichon Frise. They sometimes get tear stains under their eyes, so a daily clean is a good idea. They can be barky, especially if they don't get enough exercise. Housetraining can be slow, and you may have to be patient and inventive, confining your pup to a small space until he or she is trained. Common health problems include eye trouble, flea allergies, kneecap (patella) problems and epilepsy, though they are generally healthy, long-lived little dogs. This book is a classic, and gives full coverage of the breed. It might seem a little outdated for some people, but does convey the enjoyment of owning one of these dogs. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	The Bichon Frise Today (A Ringpress Dog Book of Distinction) Jackie Ransom Ringpress Books ISBN: 1860541313 This is an up-to-date guide to Bichons, which is well written and clear enough for novices, while containing enough information to interest experienced owners. There is help with showing, as well as general care, and an account of the history of the breed. There's a lot of advice on grooming, which is so important for these dogs, due to their tendency to mat. This book is also well-illustrated. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	Bichon Frise: An Owner's Companion Chris Wyatt The Crowood Press ISBN: 1861261969 Chris Wyatt is active in the Bichon show world, and her advice on showing and grooming is especially useful for Bichon Frise owners who want to go this route. This is a very clearly written and well-illustrated guide to the breed, which has appeal to both novices and experienced owners. Wyatt wears her knowledge lightly, the book is both very well researched, and has a light, humorous touch. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	Bichon Havanese (Pet Love) Ziola Portuondo Guerra Interpet Publishing ISBN: 1902389166 The Bichon Havanese is very similar to the Bichon Frise, and is related, but the Bichon Havanese has more of a colour range, and a less curly coat. Like the Bichon Frise, the Bichon Havanese is an active, fun-loving, sociable dog, which likes attention and learns fast, and is generally very good with children. These dogs also need a short trim so that grooming is not too much of a chore, and they don't shed much. Common health problems include eye trouble (eg cataracts), skin sensitivities, and luxating patella (kneecap problems), though again they are generally healthy and long-lived, like Bichon Frises. This is a very well illustrated introduction to the breed, which is suitable for novice owners. There's an interesting account of the history of the breed, as well as help with general care, including grooming. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Juliette Cunliffe Interpet ISBN 1902389131 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, are delightful little dogs, lively, affectionate and versatile. They are happy to be companion dogs, and are favourites with children and older people, because they don't pull your arm off when you take them out, or try to pick fights with all the local dogs. Small children may need to learn how to handle them gently, since Cavvies tend not to defend themselves when they are roughly handled. They are one of the safest breeds with children, and adore attention from young humans. They are also happy to be the companions of older people, and make good lap warmers in cold weather. They don't hog the bed if they are allowed to sleep on it, and they also travel well, and are one of the few breeds that you could happily take into a hotel. They don't need a lot of grooming, nor are they prone to excessive barking. Some Cavvies may seem a little shy, and this is often because they are so cute it is tempting to handle them a lot, and not all dogs like being picked up and cooed over all the time! It's best to ignore any Cavvie which appears fearful of guests, and let the dog hide in a safe hidey-hole like a crate, and come out in his own time. A titbit half-way between the crate and the guests can help encourage boldness. Perhaps the very success of Cavvies as companion dogs has led to some problems for the breed. All too often they don't get enough exercise, are pampered and overfed, and end up getting obese at a young age. Like any dog, they benefit from with a daily walk, and they can also excel in obedience and agility events. Many clubs have special agility classes for smaller breeds, and if not, you can just lower the jumps for your Cavvies. They can be a bit nervous of the bigger dogs, but big dogs tend to treat them well, perhaps because they look so puppyish. Cavvies are spaniels, and as such do like to chase small creatures. They have sometimes been used as hunting dogs, and like to follow smells. You can channel their chase drive into retrieve games - they make very good retrieving dogs once trained. Training should be carried out with care, since they can shut off and become anxious if treated too roughly. If your Cavvie is for a child, it's a good idea for the child to go to training classes with the dog, to learn how to train properly. This is one of the best breeds for a child to take to training classes, since even quite small children can easily handle a Cavalier King Charles, and these dogs tend to get on well with other dogs in the class. The dog and child get a lot more enjoyment out of their relationship, and understand each other better if they go to training classes together. Owners also often report problems with housetraining some cavvies, which take longer than usual to become reliable. You may need to be especially patient with them, confining them to an area with a washable floor until they are housetrained. They can be a little barky, though Cavalier King Charles dogs which have enough exercise are not usually problem barkers. Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are, sadly, prone to a number of health problems, which has a lot to do with the small number of animals used to start off the breed, as well as later careless breeding due to their popularity, so check with the breeder about the health of ancestors. Mitral Valve Heart Disease is a particular problem, as are allergies and anal gland trouble. Roughage helps with anal gland problems, and it also helps with a problem that seems to afflict some Cavvies, which is swallowing their fine, silky hairs when they groom themselves. Regular grooming helps to prevent this. The health problems of Cavvies are the biggest downside to the breed, but careful selection can help to find a pup which lives to a reasonable age. The breed was recreated from just a few individuals, a practice that tends not to encourage robust dogs. Cavvies can also suffer from eye trouble, due to their having prominent eyes, and ear trouble, common to long-eared breeds. Their ears should be dried after baths and walks in the wet, and kept clean. Some individuals may also have trouble with their kneecaps. The best time to buy Juliette Cunliffe's guide to Cavalier King Charles Spaniels is before you select a pup, since selection is important to avoid health problems. There is help with all aspects of selection, general care and training, and this book is informative enough to be useful to experienced owners as well as novices. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	Cavalier King Charles Spaniels Today Sheila Smith Ringpress Books ISBN: 1860540252 This breed guide is very much a book geared to people interested in showing and breeding Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, rather than mere pet owners. There is a lot of detail on the breed’s history, famous Cavaliers, the breed standard, colours and markings, all this in both the UK and abroad. There are three chapters on breeding and rearing Cavaliers, and a chapter on health care. Lovers of this breed will of course find such a detailed history fascinating, and will pause to gaze adoringly at photos of famous cavaliers. The most endearing characteristic of Cavvies is that generally they have wonderful temperaments, and love everyone. They may be a little difficult to housetrain, but persistence pays off, and who could get annoyed with a dog with such expressive eyes? Cavaliers are also generally very good with other dogs. Sheila Smith describes them as bold, though they are sometimes a little shy with other dogs on first acquaintance, especially if the other dogs are large and boisterous. Cavaliers tend to relax as soon as they realise that acquaintances are harmless, and do well in households with other dogs, so long as the other dogs are not too rough. Households with just Cavaliers tend to have few spats between the dogs, compared with households of most other breeds. Perhaps, then, Sheila Smith could sing the praises of Cavaliers a little more loudly, since they are an ideal breed for people who want more than one dog. Cavaliers are also a little more versatile than Sheila Smith gives them credit for. They make fine agility dogs, with the jumps adjusted for their size. It would perhaps be worth stressing their need for exercise a little more, since it is easy for owners to see Cavaliers as cuddly dogs with no need for a daily walk. Without enough exercise, Cavaliers can become fat and bored, whereas given enough exercise and interesting things to do, they stay fit and alert. The biggest grumble about this book is that it makes breeding seem too easy. Readers are told that studying genetics is not worthwhile, and that they should instead rely on common sense. There is, indeed, a lot of common sense advice on breeding in this book, but it is not really enough for someone wanting to breed Cavaliers. This is a serious deficiency because many owners of pedigree dogs have hopes of breeding them, and Cavaliers are prone to some hereditary diseases which can shorten their lives. At the very least, readers considering breeding could advised to study the subject in greater depth, and be offered a list of resources for further research. These grumbles aside, Sheila Smith’s guide to Cavalier King Charles Spaniels is a very enjoyable book for those of us who love this breed.. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (The World of Dogs) Margaret Workman Kingdom Books ISBN: 1852790954 This book is an in-depth breed guide to the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. There is a lot of information on genetics which is of interest to people wanting to buy a healthy pup, as well as people wanting to breed from their dogs. There's also help with grooming and showing Cavvies. The advice on general care is also well explained, and the illustrations are good. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Bruce Field Robert Hale ISBN: 0709056443 This book is a very informative guide to the Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, which is of particular interest to anyone planning on breeding Cavaliers. It is also a very helpful guide for would-be owners who are choosing a Cavalier King Charles puppy. There is helpful advice on feeding and training, and a full account of the breed's history. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	Chihuahuas For Dummies Jacqueline O'Neil John Wiley & Sons; 2nd Edition edition (30 Nov 2007) ISBN-10: 0470229675 ISBN-13: 978-0470229675 Chihuahuas are very special little dogs, which can be kept in city apartments, though these dogs do like to have access to a garden, where they can take the sun in the summer. Many of the rude things that are said about them are true- they do tend to yap a lot when they are worried about a threat, and even yap when it has gone, just to make sure it doesn't come back. However, they can also spend hours happily snoozing beside you, without uttering a sound, and are ideal lap dogs, providing warmth in winter. They have a habit of burrowing under bedclothes, so you have to be careful that you don't accidentally sit or kneel on them. They are dogs that like a lot of attention, but are a little too fragile for most children and many other dogs. They can get on with placid dogs of bigger breeds, but really prefer the company of other Chihuahuas, if they are going to have canine friends. Careful socialization can help Chihuahuas relax with children and other dogs, so they are less likely to perceive passing dogs and children as threats and yap at them on walks. They tend to suffer from cold when they go out in winter, so need a coat. Harnesses are preferable to collars, since Chihuahuas are so delicate. One problem with Chihuahuas is that it's very easy to pamper them and overprotect them. They can become a little neurotic and over-exciteable if they don't get to see the outside world much, and they can also start to smell and get fat! They do like to get out to see the park and watch the goings on in the world. Yapping doesn't mean they are unhappy - they tend to use it as a precautionary measure, and often calm down and make friends with dogs from smaller and more placid breeds, once they have worked out that they are no threat. They also like to have plenty to entertain them indoors, and can get bored, constantly seeking attention, if they don't have a walk every day and playtime. Walks are also important for housetraining, which may take patience with some individuals of this breed. They don't need a lot of grooming. Common health problems include breathing trouble, which can affect some individuals due to their short muzzles. They can also develop eye trouble due to their prominent eyes. Chihuahuas should never be given human food, and certainly not be given sweet biscuits or sugar confectionary, however much they plead! Bitches sometimes have problems with giving birth, due to the breed's head being relatively large. Pups are fragile and not always easy to spot, so need protection from being stepped on or sat on. They also don't close the tops of their skulls until they are older. It's best not to breed these dogs if you have active children in the house, or if you do, then the pups need a safe area which the kids don't have access to! This breed guide from the 'Dummies' series gives a lot of useful tips on caring for a Chihuahua, including training, health care, feeding, and preventing behavioural problems. It's well worth reading for ideas on how to keep your Chihuahua happy and entertained. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	Dachshunds for Dummies Eve Adamson John Wiley & Sons; 2nd Edition edition (30 Nov 2007) ISBN-10: 9780470229682 ISBN-13: 978-0470229682 ASIN: 0470229683 Dachshunds are sometimes classed as hounds, and were also used as earth dogs in Germany, where they originated, so they have much in common with terriers. Different types of dachshunds have been developed, with smooth, long, or wiry coats, and standard or miniature sizes. All types of dachshund tend to be bold and independent dogs - they are hunting dogs, so like to take decisions for themselves - and they also tend to bond closely with their owners. Dachshunds are very keen on being lap dogs, and can be very pushy about getting attention from their owners. They tend to prefer one person, but will happily accept attention and adoration from others in the household. They can be strong-willed, but respond well to food treats, and, because they like attention, one way of controlling their behaviour is to reward them for desirable behaviour with cuddles and praise, withdrawing your attention briefly if they do things you would rather they didn't. It's important to be consistent with dachshund pups, and teach them how you want them to behave when they are adults, since they are such strong-willed dogs. Don't let their cuteness distract you, or laugh and reward them for being mischievous! Dachshunds not taught bite inhibition as pups can be very nippy as adults. Spoilt dachshunds can be quite tyrannical with their owners, constantly demanding to be picked up or otherwise attended to, and being very noisy. A well-trained dachshund can be a very loyal companion. It was a Dachshund who saved a Swedish hunter's life when the hunter was attacked by a bear. The Dachshund bit the bear's testicles! This breed is best appreciated by people who recognise both the benefits and drawbacks of a small, strong-willed breed which can also be a 'velcro dog'. Like all dogs, Dachshunds benefit from a daily walk, but they don't need to go very far to be happy, and they don't usually pull your arm off, so they are very suited to older people with experience of dogs, and who no longer feel they have the physical strength for larger, stronger breeds. Well-socialized Dachshunds usually get on well with children, though they need some protection from smaller children who might handle them roughly and damage their backs. They also usually get on well with other dogs, so long as they have been well-socialized. Owners need to socialize dachshund pups carefully, without being too protective. They do best with playmates who are not too rough, because of their relatively fragile backs. Dachshunds can more than hold their own when it comes to telling larger breeds to back off, but some young puppies of the bouncier breeds, like Boxers, don't always get the message that other dogs don't like rough play. Dachshunds can be very barky, which is fine if you want a watchdog, but otherwise you may need to use some form of bark control, and keep them away from stimuli that provoke barking, like windows that allow them to see passers by and their dogs. Owners may notice that their dachshunds like to dig, like many 'earth dogs', and that they like to roll in fox poo. Normally, dachshunds are fairly clean, but fox poo is difficult to get rid of and tends to smell even after a bath, so you will need to have a good dog shampoo ready for emergency use. Dachshunds are also among the more difficult breeds where early housetraining is concerned, though at least they are small dogs, so their accidents can more easily be cleaned up. Accidents are also more likely to happen as they age, so an easy-clean floor covering is a good idea for an aged family dachshund. They shouldn't really be allowed to sleep on the bed, both because of the risk to their backs from jumping off a high bed, and because if they do become unreliable about housetraining, or just plain incontinent, they may have to be banished from your bed, and will suffer more than if they had never been allowed on the bed. You can give them their own bed in your bedroom, with a covering to protect your floor. Dachshunds are prone to back trouble, and you need to be careful of letting them do things that might injure their backs, such as rushing up and down stairs fast or jumping in general. They should be picked up with care, so their backs aren't jarred, and held with their backs horizontal. Repel any dog that tries to mount your dachshund in play, their backs don't easily take the strain of larger dogs mounting them. They should also have a strict check kept on their weight, since obese dachshunds are more likely to develop back trouble. Bladder and urinary tract problems, heart disease and diabetes have also been reported as fairly common. Despite their back problems being common, Dachshunds are generally healthy and long-lived. This guide gives a detailed exploration of dachshunds' history and character, as well as offering a lot of help with general care, including health care. It is detailed enough to interest experienced owners of the breed, as well as new dachshund owners. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	Italian Greyhound : A Complete and Reliable Handbook Dean Keppler TFH Publications ISBN: 0793807891 Italian Greyhounds are very cute little sighthounds, which stay playful long after puppyhood. They have long been bred as companion dogs, and though they retain their sighthound instincts as hunters, and like to chase small animals, they are also trainable. They need gentleness and consistency in training, and can switch off if their handlers lose patience. Italian Greyhounds are good sources of warmth in winter, and are clean, elegant and graceful. They don't take up much room - they are smaller and more refined-looking than whippets - nor do they cost a lot in food, but they are agile, and can be good escape artists. They are a little too delicate to live with bigger dogs, though they can get on well with other Italian Greyhounds. There are risks from mixing them with bigger sighthounds, due to the tendency of sighthounds to enjoy mad chasing and barging games, which could result in an injury for the smaller playmate. It may be tempting to keep several Italian Greyhounds, since these are a small, cute breed, but retaining litter-mates if you breed them is not usually a good idea with any breed, due to the extra work of training litter-mates properly. Serious pack fights can also happen if you have several dogs, even of apparently peaceful breeds like Italian Greyhounds and Whippets. Generally, this breed is also healthy and long-lived. Are they good with kids? Yes, usually, so long as the children are gentle with them. They are slightly built, and could be hurt by children being rough with them. Some individuals can be a little nervy and snappy with children. However, well-socialized Italian Greyhounds are generally gentle and affectionate, and don't knock children over, so they are a good choice for sweet-natured, older children. Italian Greyhounds don't need much grooming, or shed much. Common health problems include eye trouble and epilepsy, but this breed is generally healthy and long-lived, so long as they are kept safe from traffic and rough play with bigger dogs. Younger dogs especially are prone to fractures, and they have little protection against bites from other dogs. They also need protection from the cold, though generally they like walks and running around. Dean Keppler's guide to the breed is very well illustrated, and has a lot of information for a relatively short book. It's a good introduction to Italian Greyhounds, though experienced owners are likely to want more. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	The Complete Japanese Chin (Book of the Breed) Pamela Cross Stern, Tom Mather Ringpress Books ISBN: 1860540279 The Japanese Chin is also called the Japanese Spaniel, and has many similarities with the King Charles Cavalier Spaniel, such as a history of being bred for companionship, and a popular breed with royalty - in the case of the Chin, with the Japanese royal family. They both have soft, silky, strokeable fur, and feathery tails, though the Chin has a curly tail like a spitz dog. Both breeds have enough of a hunting instinct to make chasing small prey a temptation! Like the Cavalier, the Japanese Chin is sometimes slow to housetrain, and many individuals suffer health problems. They share a propensity for eye trouble with Cavaliers, since both breeds have large, protruding eyes. The Japanese Chin has a shorter face than the Cavalier, and sometimes also suffers breathing problems, and snores. It is also a smaller and more delicate breed, and children can seem daunting unless they are very gentle with these dogs, so Japanese Chins are not really suitable for households with very young children. They can be good watchdogs, but are generally friendly once they have given a bark to alert their owners, and they are not usually problem barkers, unless they are bored. They do love attention, and can be demanding if always allowed their own way, though they are capable of learning obedience if their owners can bring themselves to be firm and consistent with such cute little dogs! This is a good breed for a retired owner with some experience of dogs. They do not need long walks, and can be happy with retrieve games in the garden, and they can adapt to living in flats, with a daily walk on the lead and games indoors.. They do like company, and someone to be with in the day time. They benefit from a short daily grooming session to rid their coats of tangles, and it's easy to groom them while they are sitting on the owner's lap. Common health problems include sensitivity to veterinary pharmaceutical products, so do check that your vet is aware of this. They can also suffer from both very high and very low temperatures, so it's best to keep them indoors in the heat of the day in summer, and keep walks short when it's very cold. Some individuals have also been affected by heart disease, and knee trouble, so it's worth checking that a pup's ancestors are free from these problems. This book is a good guide for novice owners, with an interesting discussion of the breed's history, and some help for owners who want to show their dogs. There perhaps could be more discussion of the common health problems that the breed is prone to, and how to avoid them when choosing a pup. However, new Chin owners are likely to be delighted by this book, since the authors clearly love the breed. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	Lhasa Apso Juliette Cunliffe Interpet Publishing ISBN: 1902389174 Lhasa Apsos were originally kept in Tibetan monasteries, where they were used as watchdogs. They look very similar to Shih Tzu, with their short legs, long shaggy coats and tails carried upwards curling over their backs - some people call both breeds 'mop dogs'. They do have different characters, however, the Lhasa Apso being calmer, more aloof and dignified, taking their time to get to know strangers. Both breeds can be strong willed, so patience is needed when training them. The Lhasa Apso is more of a challenge to train, and more effort needs to be put into training bite inhibition, since untrained Lhasa Apsos can be a bit nippy. They were used as watchdogs, so being wary of strangers, and biting them occasionally was not seen as such a bad thing! Both breeds are a little small for households with younger children, who may want to pick them up clumsily, since they are such cuddly-looking dogs. Lhasa Apsos are somewhat less tolerant of children, or defend themselves better, depending on how you look at it, so they are not really suitable for households with young children. They can get on well with older children who respect them, and they are an active breed which enjoys exercise with children. Lhasa Apsos can get on well with other dogs, though some other dogs can find their untrimmed appearance a bit of a shock. This is one breed which needs very careful training as a pup, especially if there are children in the household. Don't be misled by their looking small and cute - they can inflict damage with their little fangs if you overindulge them, and let them playbite. They need to learn early on that biting people is against your rules, and they need to have house rules set out clearly from puppyhood. It helps to bring children into the training programme so that they are able to make the dog obey them, and the dog receives consistent commands. It's also important to get your little mop dog used to being groomed and handled by dog-savvy friends before you inflict him on a groomer. Otherwise you may find that your groomer is suddenly fully booked every time you try to make an appointment! It's really kinder to trim their coats, unless you plan to show them, otherwise they collect mud on walks, need a lot of grooming and cleaning, and find it difficult to see. Lhasa Apsos can tolerate cold well, because of their thick coats, but need protection from the sun in summer, when they should go out for walks in the early morning or evening, rather than in the heat of the day. They need regular walks, or some sort of off leash outdoor activity, and can easily get bored if they spend too much time cooped up in the home. They aren't especially barky as a breed, so aren't likely to annoy the neighbours unless they are bored, and bark from boredom. They do like company, and aren't happy at being alone all day. This breed is well suited to an older person who has experience of strong-willed dogs, and wants a dog with character, which is not strong enough to pull them over. They will act as excellent watchdogs, tending to bark at strangers. This bark is surprisingly loud, so they can provide some security for an older person living alone, by frightening away potential intruders with their bark. Common Lhasa Apso health problems include back, kidney and eye trouble, and hip dysplasia has also been reported. Lhasa Apsos tend not to be as long-lived as Shih Tzu, but they usually age well, staying active even when they are seniors. Juliette Cunliffe's book is very well illustrated, and goes into the background of this breed in great detail. There are chapters on grooming and health as well as feeding and breeding. She has personal experience of the breed, having years of experience as an owner and breeder of Lhasa Apso dogs. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	The Maltese (Owner's Guides to a Happy, Healthy Pet) Bobbie Linden Howell Books ISBN: 0876052375 Maltese are lively, playful little dogs, which respond well to training. They can perform well in obedience classes, and are well able to learn tricks. They need careful socialization, because they are so small, but are generally friendly with people and other dogs. Older children get on well with these dogs, though they are a little too fragile for households with toddlers. Owners should make sure their Maltese can cope with being alone. It's so easy to pamper such cute dogs, and always have them around, but they can suffer when they have to be left alone, and their owners haven't got them used to it. They aren't dogs to leave home alone while you are out at work, because they like to be active indoors, and can be barky. They are quieter if you can take them for a walk before you go out. It also helps to have a repertoire of indoor games for cold wet days. Grooming can be time-consuming, though Maltese don't shed a lot. Many owners clip their coats so that they are easier to brush, and don't collect so much mud on walks. Maltese love being taken out for walks, and tend to like going through muddy puddles! They do feel the cold, though, so like a little jacket when it's wet and windy. They may also be reluctant to go out for a wee when it's nasty outside, and a short walk helps them to perform better than just opening the door - they will probably come straight back in without doing anything, if it's really nasty outside. Generally, this is a healthy breed, though Maltese can suffer from liver and eye trouble, hypothyroidism, and tend to be sensitive to veterinary pharmaceutical products. Bobbie Linden is a breeder of Maltese. She documents the history of the breed, and gives advice on choosing and caring for a Maltese. There is a lot of help with grooming and showing Maltese, as well as advice on training. Her affection for this charming breed comes through in this book. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	Maltese: Diminutive Aristocrat Vicki Abbott Howell Bk.Ho.,U.S. ISBN: 1582451605 This book is a must for Maltese lovers - the breed is portrayed accurately and lovingly, and there is extensive advice on the care and training of Maltese. There is also an account of the breed's history, and help with choosing a pup. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	Miniature Pinscher: Reigning King of Toys Jacklyn Hungerland Howell Bk.Ho.,U.S. ISBN: 1582451419 Miniature Pinschers look like small Dobermanns, and have some characteristics in common, such as feeling the cold, and being very trainable, though also wilful. They are a good breed for an active retired person who has experience of dogs, since they are very rewarding as obedience and agility dogs, and like company during the day, yet they are less likely to pull you off your feet than larger breeds. It's best to start training Miniature Pinschers when they are young, since they can be headstrong, and have a tendency to chase small prey, so a lot of effort is needed with ensuring they have a solid recall. It's a good idea to learn a repertoire of indoor games, since they don't like going out in cold weather. They can be fretful and barky indoors if they are bored. You also need to ensure that they do wee when they go out, or they may seek to go home without a wee, later leaving you with a puddle indoors. Gardens should be well-fenced, since Min Pins are agile dogs, and can surprise you with their ability to escape. They should also be well-socialised, since they can be suspicious of strange humans and dogs, though well-socialized individuals are usually good with children and other dogs. Children should be taught to respect them, and not try to pick them up, or otherwise handle them roughly. Grooming is simple, since this is a short-haired breed, and they can be just tidied with a damp cloth, to remove loose hairs. Common health problems include Legge Perthes, eye trouble, and luxating patella. Jacklyn Hungerland's book is especially useful for tips on training, and activities which owners can share with their Min Pins. There is also advice on general care, as well as an account of the history of the breed. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	The Complete Papillon (A Ringpress Dog Book of Distinction) David Roe, Carolyn Roe Ringpress Books ISBN: 1860541909 Papillons have a number of other names, such as Butterfly Dogs, Squirrel Spaniels, and Continental Toy Spaniels. They are charming little dogs, which can be easily trained, and can perform well as agility and obedience dogs. They are also a good choice for therapy dogs, because they are cute-looking, well behaved if properly trained, and small. Generally, Papillons are outgoing and friendly, though they do need careful socialization, because they are small. Papillons need to meet other dogs, rather than being picked up protectively (a temptation with this breed), but give them a little time to get to know new dogs, and ensure that dogs they meet aren't too rough with them. Some individuals may be barky with bigger dogs, warning them off until they get to know them. This breed is not a good mix with small children or large-breed dogs, since they are a little fragile. Papillons do, however, get on very well with older children who respect them, and can bond well with canine companions that don't try to take liberties with them. Housetraining can be slow with this breed, so it's best to take them on short walks for a wee, rather than just putting them outside and hoping they will perform - walks help speed up elimination. Papillons feel the cold, so should not be left outside in cold weather, and they like a jacket in winter. They can also escape easily if left unattended in gardens, since they are small and agile. Grooming is not as difficult as with many long-haired breeds, because their coats are quite thin, but they do need regular grooming. They can be barky, especially if bored, and it helps to walk them to settle them before you go out. Indoor games can also help to settle them if they are bored and it is cold outside. Generally, Papillons are a healthy breed, though they are sensitive to veterinary pharmaceutical products, and may suffer from eye and knee trouble. This book is a good introduction to Papillons, it's clearly written, and provides a lot of help with general care. There is also an interesting account of the history of the breed. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	The Pekingese Today Stannard John Wiley & Sons Inc ISBN: 1582450811 The Pekingese is an independent breed, which can be wilful, but owners who train their Peke puppies well can develop strong bonds with their Pekes. It's important to allow them to meet other dogs and people, because they can be suspicious of strangers, especially if they don't get out much. They are generally quiet indoors, so long as they are taken on a little stroll now and then, or have indoor games to play. Like many small dogs, they can take a while to housetrain, and a short walk helps to stimulate their bowels and bladders. The Pekinese needs a fair amount of grooming, and they can shed a lot. The main problem with Pekinese dogs is their vulnerability to health problems, so do check the longevity of the ancestors of any pup you are considering, and ask what problems they may have suffered from. Common problems include heart, eye, knee, and respiratory trouble, and difficulties giving birth. They can also suffer from heatstroke, so should not be allowed out for long periods at mid-day in the summer, or left in parks cars in full sun. Their backs are vulnerable to injury, so they should be picked up with care, and not allowed to leap off the furniture. They may also fart a lot, though this is generally less noticeable if they are taken for enough short walks, and are fed carefully. Tripe-based foods are not recommended, because they tend to make dogs smellier, and soya-based foods tend to lead consumers to produce more wind, so should also be avoided. This book is a useful guide to the breed, with an account of its history in the court of Imperial China, and its introduction to Europe. There's a lot of help with choosing a pup, and on caring for your Pekinese, including avoiding and dealing with health problems. There is also advice on breeding and showing Pekinese dogs. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	A New Owner's Guide to Pomeranians Julie Moreno TFH Publications ISBN: 0793827949 Pomeranians are spitz dogs, with all that this implies - for example, they are very vocal, and often pushy. People who can get past their horrible yap (preferably those who are slightly deaf and have thick walls) can find these dogs very endearing companions, plucky and affectionate without being clingy, and they have lots of character. They are excellent watchdogs, and no self-respecting burglar wants a Pomeranian commenting on his activities. Poms can also be trained to be quieter, for example, 'Good Dog' will usually reassure them that you have heard what they are trying to tell you so urgently, and they don't need to repeat it. Bark control should be taught from when they are pups, to have the best effect. Like all dogs, they benefit from regular walks, and are much quieter after a walk, when they tend to sleep. It's untrained, underexercised, bored little Poms which are the worst yappers. They do need training, and training them is much the same as training any spitz dog, it needs patience, but at least a Pom is unlikely to pull you over on walks or beat up the neighbourhood dogs - though they are bold, and will tend to voice their displeasure at dogs that offend them. They like attention, which helps with training them. Poms are very cute when they are little pups, so they often get away with murder. It's well worth teaching them the basics, especially bite inhibition, however, because they can be strong willed, and it makes them much more enjoyable to live with when they are adults. Obedience training gives you more control over their barking. You can praise them for giving them a warning bark, then call them to you, for example, if they have good recall. Well-trained Poms are good companions for older children, though the breed is a little small for younger children, who may see them as fluffy, animated teddy bears. Pomeranians can be nervous if cornered by small children trying to lift them up, and even the best behaved Pom could be tempted to snap. They are, however, very good companions for older people who want a challenging dog with intelligence and a strong character, that won't pull them over. They are much quieter if they have human company in the day, so are especially suited to retired people with experience of dogs. They enjoy walks, and can even be good agility dogs, but Poms are adaptable, and can learn to retrieve and play other games in the garden, so can have active lives even if they don't go on long walks. They also enjoy indoor games, such as 'hunt the titbit'. Generally, Pomeranians get on well with other dogs, though they need socialization with smaller breed pups, and need to get to know dogs of different sizes in a controlled environment such as a training class. Poms need regular grooming to look their best, though not as much as you might think for a long-haired breed. They can shed a fair bit, though not as much hair accumulates as with a larger breed. Common health problems include knee trouble (dislocated patella), skin disorders, heart disease and eye trouble. They should never be given sweet biscuits or sugar confectionary! Gum and teeth problems are common in small, cute-looking dogs, probably because they are especially good at looking at their owners with pleading eyes when owners are munching biscuits. Most Pomeranians will accept small pieces of ordinary kibble as a reward in training, or you can make them special dog treats such as dried liver slivers. Bitches sometimes have trouble giving birth. Despite these problems, Pomeranians are generally healthy, long-lived dogs, as are most spitz dogs. Like their larger cousins, Pomeranians tolerate cold well, but should be protected from the sun in summer, going out in the early morning and evening, when it is cooler. Julie Moreno's guide is a very good introduction to the breed, which covers their history, general character, and care, including health care. It's a suitable guide for someone considering the breed, or who has their first Pomeranian. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	A New Owner's Guide to Pugs Sonja Neu, Richard G. Beauchamp TFH Publications ISBN: 0793827744 Pugs are delightful companions, full of character, and playful. They are intelligent dogs, which can create problems because they can become bored if they don't have enough to do. Pugs may also lose interest if training is too repetitive, though they learn fast. They like indoor games and attention, and can become very demanding if they are always petted on demand! Yet they are sensitive little dogs, and can cringe if owners use a harsh tone of voice. They are also not especially active indoors, so long as they have enough exercise. Generally, Pugs are good with children, though small children should always be supervised with dogs. Pugs like company, and are sensitive to temperature extremes, so should not be left outside unattended for long periods. They are firm favourites with many owners, because they have so much character. They aren't usually especially barky, and are easy to groom, though they can shed a fair amount. Using a damp cloth on their coats helps to remove their short fur, and cuts down on the amount of hair shed in your home. They may be slow to housetrain, and can fart a lot. Frequent short walks help speed up housetraining, and help with eliminating gas outside. Careful attention to diet also helps to make them less pongy - tripe-based foods are not recommended! As with Pekes, soya should also be avoided, because it tends to encourage the production of gas. The main problems with Pugs, however, stem from their vulnerability to health troubles. Common health problems include skin trouble, allergies, respiratory problems, eye trouble, and difficulties giving birth. It's worth checking carefully for health troubles among the ancestors of any pup you are interested in, because of the propensity of the breed to suffer from health problems. If you want to keep visits to the vet to a minimum, it's far more important for the pup's ancestors to have lived to a ripe old age, than for them to have won prizes for looking cute! Unfortunately, as with Pekes, many of the problems of Pugs stem precisely from what the breed is meant to look like - the short nose and big eyes which make these breeds appealing, also make the dogs more vulnerable to breathing and eye trouble. Rick Beauchamp is a breeder of Pugs, and gives an entertaining introduction to the breed. There's a lot of help with training and caring for your Pug, as well as a summary of the breed's history, and advice on showing. The book is also well illustrated. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	The World of Shih Tzu (World of Dogs) A. Dadds Kingdom Books ISBN: 1852790059 Shih Tzu originated in China, and resemble Lhasa Apsos from Tibet. They probably have both Lhasa Apso and Pekinese ancestry, but the Shi Tzu is more outgoing and playful than the Lhasa Apso. If you are wavering between the two breeds, this breed is probably the better bet. Though some Lhasa Apso owners adore their little mop dogs, and argue that they have more dignity, Shih Tzu are, on the whole, much less likely to nip you and other people! Some individuals can be a little nervy, but generally they are friendly and get on well with children and other dogs. Small children do have to be supervised closely to make sure they don't try pick up or otherwise manhandle these dogs, but they can make excellent companions for older children. Shih Tzuh enjoy walks, and are not likely to pull over young handlers. They are independent by nature, and will tend to take advantage of any inconsistencies in their training. As with Lhasa Apsos, it helps to bring children into their training programme, so that everyone gives the dog the same commands, and the dog learns to obey the children. Children are more likely to understand why the dog shouldn't have food snuck under the table if they understand more about training dogs! Shih Tzu aren't especially barky, but need human company, and are more likely to bark if they are bored. They need at least one walk a day, or some off- leash active play in a garden, in order to keep fit. They do make good watchdogs, since they tend to bark to announce arrivals at the door. Their coat needs a lot of grooming if it is left untrimmed, but it's kinder to trim a Shih Tzu's coat if you don't plan to show the dog, since otherwise hair gets in his eyes, and his coat attracts dirt as it flows along the ground. They don't shed much if groomed regularly. Do make sure that your dog is used to standing nicely to be groomed, and being handled by strangers before you take him to the groomers, so that he is a credit to you. Common Shih Tzu health problems include back trouble, and they should not be allowed to put on weight, because it puts too much strain on their backs. They should never be fed sweet biscuits or sugar confectionary, which are very bad for their teeth. Some individuals have breathing trouble, since their muzzles are quite short, and these dogs may snore. They can feel the heat due to their thick coats, so should not be taken out in the heat of the day in summer, but they do handle cold well. Inherited kidney problems have also affected some lines. This is generally an active breed which ages well, and Shih Tzu tend to live longer than the Lhasa Apso. This breed guide gives a full account of the history of the Shih Tzu, and provides help for owners who want to breed and show their dogs. There is also help with general care, including health care. The amount of detail in this book make it attractive for experienced as well as novice owners. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	The Official Book of the Shih Tzu: Including the Illustrated Guide to the Shih Tzu Standard Jo Ann White TFH Publications ISBN: 0793805090 This book is a comprehensive guide to the Shih Tzu, dealing with the breed's history and the breed standard in some detail. There is also help with care and training, and the guide is well-illustrated. It has enough to interest experienced owners as well as new owners of Shih Tzuh. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	Shih Tzu: An Owner's Companion Wendy M. Brown The Crowood Press ISBN: 1861261942 This book is a comprehensive guide to Shih Tzu, covering the history of the breed, the Breed Standard, showing, breeding, choosing a Shih Tzu puppy, and general care, including health care. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	Tibetan Terrier Juliette Cunliffe Interpet Publishing ISBN: 1903098645 Tibetan Terriers are like a taller version of Lhasa Apsos, and, like Lhasa Apsos, they were kept in Tibetan monasteries. They are not really terriers, having been developed as watchdogs, companions, and even herders, rather than dogs that went underground to hunt. Tibetan Terriers tend to be independent and fun loving. They benefit from early training, and consistency about house rules from puppyhood. This breed likes the company of their owners, tending to bond strongly, and not being happy at being left alone for long periods. They can be a little barky on first meeting someone new, but well-socialized individuals soon accept people introduced to them by their owners, and usually get on very well with children. Tibetan Terriers like to play, and tend to get on well with anyone who offers them a ball game, though they aren't natural retrievers, enjoying the chase after the ball more than bringing it back. They need daily off-leash active play, or they tend to become barky from boredom. Tibetan Terriers that have enough exercise aren't especially barky most of the time, though their barks can be quite loud, so they are good watchdogs. They usually get on well with other dogs. Tibetan Terriers do need a lot of grooming, especially if their coat is untrimmed, though, like Lhasa Apsos, they do benefit from a trim, which means that they need far less grooming, collect mud less, and can see properly! They don't shed much when groomed and trimmed regularly. Common health problems include eye and hip trouble, and flea allergies, but generally, this is a healthy, long-lived breed. Juliette Cunliffe has written a good introduction to the breed, with a clear account of the breed's history and character, as well as providing helpful advice on general care. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	Tibetan Terriers, a Complete Guide Anne Keleman TFH Publications ISBN: 0793807824 This book is a short guide for Tibetan terriers, aimed mainly for novice owners. It is well illustrated, with photos likely to delight any Tibetan terrier owner. It makes a good addition to a dog library in terms of the pictures, but is perhaps a little pricey given that it's a short book. Top of page
Click on the cover above to go to this book at Amazon.co.uk	New Owner's Guide to Yorkshire Terriers Janet Jackson TFH Publications ISBN: 0793827779 Yorkshire Terriers are true terriers, originally developed as ratters. They are bold and energetic, and need training and exercise to bring out the best in them. Untrained Yorkies tend to run around madly, yapping, yet this breed is capable of performing well in obedience classes, and isn't usually intimidated by the presence of much bigger dogs. Yorkie pups are tiny, and are often overindulged because they are so little and cute. It's worth teaching them bite inhibition and socializing them like bigger dogs, since they do have a tendency to nip if left untrained. They tend not to be as motivated by food rewards as many dogs, but recall can often be improved by using squeaky toys, or by making a sound that is like a squeaky toy. Well-trained Yorkies are fine with children who respect them. There is a risk that smaller children could try to manhandle these dogs, and that an untrained Yorkie could nip, though they are agile and fast-moving, so it's less easy for a small child to catch them than many breeds. They usually get on well with other dogs, though they do need careful socialization with pups that don't play too roughly, since they are generally the smallest pups in a socialization class. Yorkshire Terriers are quite capable of reprimanding much larger dogs, however, including Irish Wolfhounds! They are excellent watchdogs, and can be barky, especially if they don't get enough exercise. Yorkies need active, off-leash play every day, and like daily walks, though they can get by with plenty of games in the garden. Yorkies do need a fair amount of grooming, and benefit from a trim, which cuts down on the time needed to groom them, as well as allowing them to see and collect less mud on walks. Well-groomed Yorkies don't shed much. Common health problems include patella disorders, fractures, digestive problems, and bronchitis - Yorkshire Terriers tend to feel the cold and like to have a little jacket when they go out.. They can also be extra sensitive to veterinary pharmaceutical products, like anaesthetics. This is generally a long-lived breed, but Yorkies have suffered a little from its popularity, and it is worth checking the longevity of the ancestors of any pup you are interested in. The very small Yorkies tend to be more prone to health problems than the larger versions, and the smaller dogs can also be nervier. Some Yorkshire Terrier bitches have trouble giving birth. This book is a helpful breed guide for new Yorkie owners, which gives a clear picture of the breed, as well as a lot of useful advice on choosing and caring for Yorkshire terriers. There is also helpful advice on general care, including health care. Top of page

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Dogs: Breed profiles and breed books
Dogs: Health and Nutrition
Dogs: General
Dogs: Origins, canine evolution and wolves
Training, puppy and adult dog good manners
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